Which of the following can be classified as a lien against real property?

A lien against real property is a legal claim or right against a property that typically secures the payment of a debt or obligation. The classification of liens includes various types, such as voluntary and involuntary liens.

A mortgage is a financial agreement where the borrower secures a loan with real estate, making it a voluntary lien created by the property owner. A tax assessment represents an obligation imposed by a governmental entity and can result in a tax lien if unpaid, also categorized under liens. A judgment, however, arises from a court decision ordering one party to pay another, which can lead to the establishment of a lien against the debtor's property as a means of ensuring compliance with the payment order.

On the other hand, a construction permit does not fall under the category of liens. It is a document granting permission to begin construction but does not create a legal claim against the property itself. Since a judgment can create a lien on the debtor's property, it is correctly classified as a lien against real property. The establishment of a judgment lien allows creditors to secure their interests in property, making it enforceable through legal channels if the debtor fails to pay.